Math & Random Module
Math Module
The math
module in Python is a built-in module that provides a set of mathematical operations and functions. It contains a wide range of mathematical functions, constants, and methods for performing various mathematical calculations.
To use the math
module, you need to import it into your Python script or interactive session using the import
statement.
Here are some of the commonly used features of the math
module:
Mathematical Constants: The
math
module provides constants such aspi
, which represents the mathematical constant pi (approximately 3.14159), ande
, which represents the mathematical constant e (approximately 2.71828).
import math
print(math.pi) # Output: 3.141592653589793
print(math.e) # Output: 2.718281828459045
Basic Mathematical Functions: The module includes functions for performing basic mathematical operations like rounding, logarithms, exponentiation, square roots, trigonometric functions, and more.
import math
print(math.sqrt(16)) # Output: 4.0
print(math.log10(1000)) # Output: 3.0
print(math.sin(math.pi/2)) # Output: 1.0
Advanced Mathematical Functions: The
math
module provides functions for advanced mathematical operations, such as factorials, absolute values, rounding, permutations, combinations, hyperbolic functions, and more.
import math
print(math.factorial(5)) # Output: 120
print(math.fabs(-3.14)) # Output: 3.14
print(math.perm(5, 2)) # Output: 20
print(math.comb(5, 2)) # Output: 10
print(math.sinh(1.5)) # Output: 2.1292794550948173
Numeric Operations: The
math
module also includes functions for manipulating and working with numeric values, such as getting the floor and ceiling values, converting between radians and degrees, and checking for NaN (not a number) or infinity.
import math
print(math.floor(3.7)) # Output: 3
print(math.ceil(3.2)) # Output: 4
print(math.radians(180)) # Output: 3.141592653589793
print(math.isnan(10)) # Output: False
print(math.isinf(float('inf'))) # Output: True
Random Module
The random
module in Python is a built-in module that provides functions for generating random numbers, selecting random elements from sequences, shuffling sequences randomly, and more. It is commonly used in scenarios that require randomness, such as simulations, games, and statistical analysis.
To use the random
module, you need to import it into your Python script or interactive session using the import
statement.
Here are some commonly used features of the random
module:
Generating Random Numbers: The
random
module provides functions to generate random numbers. Therandom()
function returns a random float between 0 and 1.
import random
random_number = random.random()
print(random_number) # Output: a random float between 0 and 1
Generating Random Integers: The
random
module includes functions for generating random integers within a specified range.
The randrange()
function returns a random integer between the specified start and end values (inclusive). It also has an optional third argument called step. It determines the intervals between each number in the sequence.
import random
random_integer = random.randrange(1, 10)
print(random_integer) # Output: a random integer between 1 and 10 (exclusive of 10)
Selecting Random Elements: The
random
module allows you to select random elements from a sequence using thechoice()
function. It takes a sequence as an argument and returns a randomly selected element.
import random
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
random_element = random.choice(my_list)
print(random_element) # Output: a random element from the list
Shuffling a Sequence: The
random
module provides theshuffle()
function to shuffle the elements of a sequence randomly. It modifies the original sequence in place.
import random
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
random.shuffle(my_list)
print(my_list) # Output: the original list with elements shuffled randomly
Seeding the Random Number Generator: The
random
module allows you to set a seed value using theseed()
function. Setting a seed value ensures that the sequence of random numbers generated will be the same each time you run the program with the same seed value.
import random
random.seed(42)
random_number = random.random()
print(random_number) # Output: a deterministic random number based on the seed
These are some of the commonly used features of the random
module in Python. The random
module provides a wide range of functions for generating randomness, selecting random elements, shuffling sequences, and more. It is a valuable tool for various applications that require randomness and randomization.
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